EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON PHARMACOKINETICS OF PARACETAMOL IN HEALTHY HUMAN VOLUNTEERS: A CASE STUDY OF PANADOL EXTRA®
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 5000
ABSTRACT
Acetaminophen or paracetamol is an analgesic and anti-pyretic agent widely used for treatment of headaches, minor pains and in combination with other medications like cold remedies and opoid analgesics. Individuals with headaches and minor pains tend to use paracetamol with caffeine combinations than paracetamol alone in their treatment due to faster relief. However, the pharmacokinetic rationale for use is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of caffeine on pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in Panadol Extra® tablets using healthy human volunteers. Three different batches of Panadol® and Panadol Extra® tablets sourced from retail outlets within Zaria were analysed qualitatively using in vitro analysis which include weight uniformity test, friability test, chemical assay, dissolution test, disintegration test and also for the pharmacokinetic studies. Standard paracetamol powder was used for pilot study and to validate the modification of Glynn and Kendal method using spiked aqueous samples with known concentrations of paracetamol and a calibration curve was plotted. Twelve (12) healthy volunteers of both sexes within the age of 20-29 years took part in the study. It was a single blind, cross over study with wash out period of two weeks. Each volunteer was administered 1g tablets of both test samples containing paracetamol orally with 200ml of water after fasting overnight and saliva was sampled at different time intervals up to six (6) hours. The samples were analyzed for presence of paracetamol using the Glynn and Kendal method modified by Shihana by taking their absorbances with a UV spectrophotometer at 430nm. The results were compared using the independent student‟s t- test between the samples. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. All the six batches of samples studied passed in vitro tests for paracetamol except for a sample of Panadol Extra® tablets that failed the friability test. The pharmacokinetic parameters compared showed variable values. However consistently higher saliva paracetamol concentrations ranging from 22.20 to 25.20 µg/ml were seen with all samples of Panadol Extra® tablets which was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) compared to Panadol® tablets which ranged from 20.60 – 22.50 µg/ml. All the other values calculated did not show statistical significant difference when compared. This study has therefore shown that Panadol Extra® tablets and Panadol® tablets are chemically equivalent for the paracetamol component and possess varying values of pharmacokinetic parameters. This was indicated by the significantly higher saliva paracetamol levels for Panadol Extra® tablets as compared to Panadol® tablets and may be concluded that caffeine in Panadol Extra® tablets is responsible.
Related Project Materials
The Effect of Mobile Banking on the Profitability of SMEs: A Case Study of Gombe State
Background of the Study
Mobile banking has transformed the way businesses and individuals interact with financial services. For small and...
An Evaluation of Forensic Accounting in the Management of Constituency Project Funds in Wase Local Government, Plateau State
Background of the Study
Constituency projects in Nigeria are designed to enhance local development by addressing the needs of constituent...
An appraisal of storytelling strategies in integrated marketing on customer engagement: A study of a multimedia brand in Lagos.
Background of the study
Storytelling strategies have become a cornerstone of integrated marketing, particularly for m...
An Evaluation of the Tax Audit Process in Nigeria: A Study of the FIRS Lagos Office
Background of the Study
Tax audits are essential for ensuring compliance and detecting...
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
ABSTRACT: This study explored the role of community partnerships in early...
AN ASSESSMENT OF STANDARD COSTING VERSUS ACTUAL COSTING METHODS IN BUILDING MATERIAL PURCHASE
Abstract: AN ASSESSMENT OF STANDARD COSTING VERSUS ACTUAL COSTING METHODS IN BUILDING MATERIAL PURCHASE
This study assesses the effective...
An evaluation of omnichannel retailing and its effect on consumer satisfaction: A case study of supermarkets in Plateau State
Background of the Study
Omnichannel retailing refers to a seamless approach to sales and customer servi...
Corporate Communication and the Role of Content Marketing in Business Growth: A Study of Danko-Wasagu Local Government Area, Kebbi State
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Content marketing has emerged as a powerfu...
ROLE OF TWITTER IN INFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION ON THE COVID-19 VACCINATION PROCESS
Background to the Study
The Covid-19 pandemic, which had a severe global impact, spurred the need for m...
The Role of Financial Literacy in Reducing Loan Default Rates: Evidence from First Bank Nigeria
Background of the Study
Loan default rates have significant implications for the financial stability of banks. Financial...
